A witness can only testify to a matter if they have what type of knowledge?

A witness can only testify to a matter if they have personal knowledge of it. This means that the witness must have direct experience or observation relevant to the matter at hand. Personal knowledge ensures the testimony is based on what the witness actually saw, heard, or experienced, which lends credibility and reliability to their statements in court.

Hearsay information, on the other hand, refers to statements made outside of court that are being offered for the truth of the matter asserted and generally cannot be used as evidence. Indirect knowledge and third-hand information also do not relate to what the witness directly experienced, and thus would not meet the evidentiary standards for testimony. Personal knowledge is fundamental because it helps to establish the truthfulness of the evidence presented, ensuring that the witness's account is credible and valid within judicial proceedings.